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发表于 2009-11-7 10:09:41
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ADI布线规则AppNote:
A ground plane acts as a common reference voltage, provides shielding, enables heat dissipation, and reduces stray inductance (but it also increases parasitic capacitance). While there are many advantages to using a ground plane, care must be taken when implementing it, because there are limitations to what it can and cannot do.
Ideally, one layer of the PCB should be dedicated to serve as the ground plane. Best results will occur when the entire plane is unbroken. Resist the temptation to remove areas of the ground plane for routing other signals on this dedicated layer. The ground plane reduces trace inductance by magnetic-field cancellation between the conductor and the ground plane. When areas of the ground plane are removed, unexpected parasitic inductance can be introduced into the traces above or below the ground plane.
Because ground planes typically have large surface and cross-sectional areas, the resistance in the ground plane is kept to a minimum. At low frequencies, current will take the path of least resistance, but at high frequencies current follows the path of least impedance.
Nevertheless, there are exceptions, and sometimes less ground plane is better. High-speed op amps will perform better if the ground plane is removed from under the input and output pads. The stray capacitance introduced by the ground plane at the input, added to the op amp’s input capacitance, lowers the phase margin and can cause instability. For exapmle, 1 pF of capacitance at an op amp’s input can cause significant peaking. Capacitive loading at the output—including strays—creates a pole in the feedback loop. This can reduce phase margin and could cause the circuit to become unstable.
Analog and digital circuitry, including grounds and ground planes, should be kept separate when possible. Fast-rising edges create current spikes flowing in the ground plane. These fast current spikes create noise that can corrupt analog performance. Analog and digital grounds (and supplies) should be tied at one common ground point to minimize circulating digital and analog ground currents and noise. |
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